Buffer-less virtual routing

ABSTRACT

A network includes a plurality of endpoint routers and intermediate routers. When a new data stream is detected at any endpoint router, the first packet is sent to a virtual routing server with knowledge of the entire network topology. Based on the topology, current usage, and historical usage, the virtual routing server determined a path for the data stream and begins to update the routing tables of the intermediate routers to reflect the determined path. Until the update is complete, all packets in the data stream are routed first to the virtual routing server and then to their destination. Once the update is complete, packets in the data stream are routed directly along the determined path.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

This field is generally related to network routing.

2. Related Art

A communication network may, for example, provide a network connectionthat allows data to be transferred between two geographically remotelocations. A network connection may span multiple links with differentcapacities. Networks may have different topologies depending on how thelinks are connected to each other through routing devices.

Depending on the network topology, multiple routes may be available fora connection. Traditional routing algorithms rely on local informationeach router has from its surroundings to route data. A router maintainsthe information about its neighboring connections in a routing table.Based on the destination address of an incoming packet, a router usesits routing table to forward the packet to a neighboring router.

While using only local information and the packet destination forrouting may be desirable in some contexts, it may not always route dataintelligently. For example, it may result in bottlenecks. For thatreason, other techniques use the global knowledge of the networktopology to route packets. Such global knowledge can provide an optimumroute based on the current traffic load in different parts of thenetwork. This approach also enables connections to balance their trafficloads on multiple parallel connections, if necessary.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In an embodiment, a computer-implemented method virtually routes a datastream from a source to a destination through a plurality ofinterconnected routers. The method includes receiving an initial packetin the data stream. In response to receipt of the initial packet of thedata stream, the initial packet is transmitted with routing instructionsindicating to downstream routers how to route the initial packet to thedestination. Also, a path is determined through plurality ofinterconnected routers from the source to the destination. Forrespective routers along the path, a routing table indicating which portthe router will route data from the data stream to is determined suchthat data from the data stream will be routed along the determined path.The routing tables are transmitted to configure the respective routers.Until the respective routers that are configured to route data from thedata stream along the path, additional packets from the data streamreceived and the additional packets are transmitted with routinginstructions indicating to downstream routers how to route the initialpacket to the destination.

System and computer program product embodiments are also disclosed.

Further embodiments, features, and advantages of the invention, as wellas the structure and operation of the various embodiments, are describedin detail below with reference to accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form partof the specification, illustrate the present disclosure and, togetherwith the description, further serve to explain the principles of thedisclosure and to enable a person skilled in the relevant art to makeand use the disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a diagram that illustrates a system for providing a connectionto a user of a network.

FIG. 2 is a diagram that illustrates a virtual router connected to portsof the network routers.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart that illustrates a method for determining routesfor network connections using a virtual router.

FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating a network connection using a dedicatedpath to the virtual server.

FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating a fast route set up by the virtualrouter for a connection.

FIG. 4C is a diagram that illustrates sending initial connection packetsto the destination through the virtual server and continuing the packetflow on the fast route.

FIG. 5 is a diagram that illustrates two network connections convergingat a network node.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart that illustrates tearing down a fast connectionafter a period of inactivity.

FIG. 7 is a diagram that illustrates modules of a virtual routingserver.

The drawing in which an element first appears is typically indicated bythe leftmost digit or digits in the corresponding reference number. Inthe drawings, like reference numbers may indicate identical orfunctionally similar elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As mentioned above, routing techniques that use global knowledge of thenetwork topology may be able to route packets in a more intelligentmanner. However, those routing techniques tend not to be scalable.Determining a route can take a substantial amount of time. During thattime, initial packets in a connection flow may be buffered, potentiallyconsuming a large amount of memory in an edge router and even dropped ifthe buffer space is exhausted and path computation takes too much time.Embodiments disclosed here route data streams in an intelligent mannerbased on global network knowledge without requiring initial packets tobe buffered at an edge router.

To route data, embodiments use a virtual routing server (or set ofvirtual routing servers distributed throughout the network), sometimesreferred to as a virtual router. The virtual router may connect to allphysical routers in the network and gather information related tonetwork operation such as traffic load, link latencies, link jitter,link packet loss, and link failures. Using such information, the virtualrouter is in the best position to provide an optimized route for a datastream.

The topology of the network, including how the links are interconnectedwith routers, is known by the virtual router. Ports on the virtualrouter are not only connected to the router ports that the usersinterface with, but also the ports that routers use to communicate witheach other. The virtual router gathers information from the networkrouters' ports. The virtual router keeps the knowledge of the networktopology and information about links and routers of the network in itsvirtual backplane.

Using information regarding its virtual backplane, the virtual routerestablishes default paths to and from each destination port in thenetwork. Using the default paths, the virtual router keeps packets of anew connection flowing to the destination while it sets up a direct pathfor the data stream through the physical routers. In this way, thevirtual router avoids the need for large buffers at edge routers to keepthe incoming packets. Additionally, the first packets of a new streamreach their final destination with a minimum amount of added latency(the total latency from Port A to the Virtual Router plus the totallatency from the Virtual Router to Port B plus the total processing timein the Virtual Router).

The Detailed Description that follows is divided into five sections. Thefirst section describes, with respect to FIGS. 1-2, a network usingconventional routing techniques and how the network may be improvedusing a virtual router. The second section describes, with respect toFIGS. 3 and 4A-C, using the virtual router without requiring edgerouters to buffer a large amount of packets. The third sectiondescribes, with respect to FIG. 5, detecting parts of the connectionroutes that are shared and using this information to simplify routingtables and reduce the amount of required packet forwarding memory. Thefourth section describes, with respect to FIG. 6, tearing down aconnection that is no longer needed. The fifth and final sectiondescribes, with respect to FIG. 7, a virtual routing server system andits modules.

Virtual Routing

FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100 that provides a communication network102. The communication network 102 may be a local area network (LAN),metropolitan area network (MAN), or wide area network (WAN). It mayutilize any point-to-point or multipoint-to-multipoint networkingprotocols. The network access protocols used may include, for example,Multi Label Protocol Switching (MPLS), Ethernet, Asynchronous TransferMode (ATM), High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), or Frame Relay.

Communication network 102 includes a plurality of routers, such asrouter 106, interconnected by links, such as links 116 and 120.Communication network 102 connects to an enterprise network 110 and aserver 104. Enterprise network 110 may, for example, be anorganization's internal network. Enterprise network 110 and server 104may be at geographically remote locations. Here, the term “router”refers to devices that switch packets, including devices at the datalink layer (OSI layer 2) and the network layer (OSI layer 3).

Enterprise network 110 connects to network 102 via a port 112 on router106. In an example, enterprise network 110 may send data to server 104.The data may be a stream divided into packets, and each packet mayspecify server 104 as its destination. To send the data, enterprisenetwork 110 sends the packets to router 106.

Router 106 includes a routing table 108. Using routing table 108, router106 determines which port to send the packets to based on theirdestination. Routing table 108 can be updated based on the informationthat router 106 discovers in its neighborhood through a route discoveryprotocol such as ICMP Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP), RouteInformation Protocol (RIP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), or EnhancedInterior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP).

In the example above, router 106 utilizes routing table 108 to look upwhich port to forward packets destined for server 104. The routing table108 may mandate that router 106 send all packets addressed to server 104out port 114 to link 116. In fact, router 106 may send data destined forserver 104 on link 116 even when that link is congested. Because of therigidity of the rules in routing table 108, router 106 may not recognizethat it can also send data addressed to server 104 along another route,for example out a port 118 along link 120. To deal with this, a virtualrouter may be used to route data more intelligently, as illustrated inFIG. 2.

FIG. 2 illustrates a system 200 that provides a virtual router 202.Virtual router 202 is connected to all the ports on all the networkrouters and gathers information of the network topology in a virtualbackplane 204. For example, a port 208 on the virtual router is avirtual representation of port 112 on router 106. Port 208 is a virtualrepresentation of port 112.

In an embodiment, when the users connect to ports on the physicalnetwork routers, such as port 208, they also connect to virtual router202, and in the case of multiple virtual routers for redundancypurposes, they may also connect to other virtual routers which alsorepresent the physical network. In particular, when the users connect toports on the physical network routers, virtual router 202 (or some othermirror copy of virtual router 202) receives and processes a newconnection request. In other words, from the user's perspective theentire the communication network is a single virtual router having portsthat the user can access.

Virtual router 202 uses the information in virtual backplane 204 topopulate the routing tables in the network routers, such as router 106.Virtual router 202 operates as a central controller that has overallknowledge of the network and is capable of updating the routing table ofthe routers with a view of the network as a whole.

In an embodiment, network 102 may include multiple domains usingdifferent network protocols. In that embodiment, virtual router 202 alsospans across all the network domains, so that users of the network onlysee one virtual router, rather than a heterogeneous network withdifferent protocols. In this way, virtual router 202 may simplify whatthe users see as a network. For users, they are dealing with only onevirtual router with many ports.

In addition to simplifying a network, virtual router 202 can also createmultiple routing and forwarding tables for a given connection to provideload balancing. In this approach, virtual router 202 enables enterprisenetwork 110 to send its traffic on multiple paths in the network. Onereason for this approach is more flexibility in meeting a user's servicelevel agreement. For example, if the user has strict a bandwidthrequirement and virtual router 202 cannot find any single route in thenetwork to provide such bandwidth, it balances traffic between tworoutes that together meet the required bandwidth. In this approach, thenetwork can balance the user's traffic over more than one route.

Outside of load balancing, virtual router 202 can also use otherconstraints to determine a route for packets to take through thenetwork. For example, certain data streams may be required to go througha scrubbing server that filters information those packets contain. Inthat example, virtual router 202 determines a path that routes thepackets through that specific server or one or more of that particularclass of servers, such as a group of firewall servers. This may involveselecting one of the servers belonging to the class and determining thepath to route packets through the selected server.

In an embodiment, virtual router 202 may operate as illustrated in FIG.3.

Buffer-less Virtual Routing

FIG. 3 is a flowchart that illustrates a method 300 for setting up aconnection path. Method 300 is described with respect to the exampleillustrated in FIGS. 4A-C. FIGS. 4A-C illustrate how a virtual routingserver 418 sets up a path for a new data stream.

Referring to FIG. 3, method 300 starts at step 302 to determine defaultpaths to and from the virtual routing server. In particular, a defaultpath is determined from the virtual routing server to each networkelement. These default paths are stored at the virtual routing server.Also at this step, a default path is determined from each networkelement to the virtual router. These default paths are stored in eachrespective router.

At step 304, the first packet of a new data stream arrives at an edgerouter. A new data stream may be identified, for example, by its sourceand destination ports and addresses. Additionally, a new data stream maybe defined by the contents of the packet, and not header information.Any trinary (set, unset, don't care) bit pattern may identify aparticular data stream. The packet may take the default path from theedge router to the virtual routing server. To take the default path, theedge router may attach routing instructions to the first packet thattells each downstream router how to forward the packet along the path.Alternatively, the edge router may be involved in attaching a label tothe packet. Downstream routers may recognize the label and know, basedon the label, how to forward the packet toward the virtual routingserver. An example data stream is illustrated in FIG. 4A.

FIG. 4A shows a diagram 400 illustrating a data stream from enterprisenetwork 110 addressed to server 104. The data stream includes packets402, 404, 406, 408, 410, and 412. When the first packet of the datastream—packet 402—reaches router 106, it is routed to virtual routingserver 418. Virtual routing server 418 determines that this packetbelongs to a new connection and starts the process of establishing afast path for the connection, which does not flow through the virtualrouting server 418.

In the example, after packet 402, packets 404 and 406 are also sent.Instead of buffering packets 404 and 406 at router 106, router 106forwards those packets onto virtual routing server 418, just as it didwith the first packet 402.

Referring back to FIG. 3, after the virtual routing server receives thefirst packet, it looks up a path from the virtual routing server to thedestination. This path was previously determined in step 302.

Next, method 300 establishes a new path from the connection source tothe destination in steps 310, 312 and 314. In parallel to these steps,at step 308, process 300 routes the first and any subsequent packetsreceived at the virtual routing server to the destination.

At step 310, the virtual routing server computes a path from source tothe destination. The path comprises network links and routers, but notthe virtual router. For example, using the MPLS protocol, the virtualrouter will create a label-switched path (LSP) for the data stream. Todetermine the path, the virtual routing server may take into accountcurrent or historical bandwidth usage. For example, the virtual routingserver may consider network usage during previous weeks (or anothercyclical period). The virtual router may also create multiple paths forthe connection to enable load balancing on multiple paths.

The virtual routing server may also take into account latency, jitter,packet loss, or any other performance metric across various paths, theuser's service level agreement, or the type of data being transferred.For example, broadcast video data may require a great deal of bandwidth,but latency may be relatively unimportant. Voice-over-IP (VoIP) data, onthe other hand, may not require as much bandwidth, but latency may bemore important. For broadcast video data, the virtual routing servercould select a high-bandwidth, high-latency path, and, for VoIP data,the virtual routing server could select a low-bandwidth, low-latencypath.

In another embodiment, the virtual routing server may route data througha particular server. For example, data having a certain type or directedto a certain destination may need to be scrubbed by a particularscrubbing server en route. The scrubbing server may be used to scan thedata for malicious content, to monitor incoming data, or to performother analysis on the data. In that embodiment, the virtual routingserver may determine such that it goes through the particular scrubbingserver or set of servers.

At step 312, the virtual router computes updated routing tables for eachrouter along the path. If multiple paths are computed for the datastream, method 300 will create routing tables in accordance with all thepaths. In one embodiment, the updated routing tables may instruct therouter how to forward packets having a particular combination ofsource/destination addresses and source/destination ports. In analternative embodiment, the data stream may be identified with a labeland the updated routing table may indicate how to forward packets havingthe label. The routing tables may also instruct that converging paths berelabeled, as described below with respect to FIG. 5.

At step 314, the virtual router sends updated routing tables to networkrouters. The virtual router can use the dedicated paths established toall the network routers in step 302 to send the routing tables.

An example of how a path is determined and how the routers areconfigured, as described in steps 310, 312, and 314, as illustrated inFIG. 4B.

FIG. 4B shows a diagram 420 illustrating how virtual routing server 418configures the network routers to establish the path between enterprisenetwork 110 and server 106.

In FIG. 4B, virtual routing server 418 determines that the data streambetween enterprise network 110 and server 106 will follow the pathincluding links 116, 430, 432, and 434 and routers 106, 440, 442, and444. To configure the routers, the virtual router 418 sends the updatedrouting tables using the routing messages 422, 424, 426, and 428. Theserouting messages configure all the routers on the fast path connectingenterprise network 110 to server 106. In particular, message 422instructs router 106 to forward packets in the data stream to link 116;message 424 instructs router 440 to forward packets in the data streamto link 430; message 426 instructs router 442 to forward packets in thedata stream to link 432; and message 428 instructs router 444 to forwardpackets in the data stream to link 434.

In an embodiment, to ensure that packets continue to flow through thevirtual router until the path is fully established, routers along thepath are configured from the egress point (router 104) to the ingresspoint (router 106). First, message 428 configures router 444. Second,message 426 configures router 442. Third, message 424 configures router440. Fourth, message 422 configures router 106.

Referring back to FIG. 4A, until the path is established, enterprisenetwork 110 continues to transmit packets of the data stream—packets402, 404, and 406. As mentioned above, router 106 continues to directthese packets to on the default path to virtual routing server 418.

On receipt of these packets, virtual routing server 418 routes them totheir destination using the previously determined default path at step308 in FIG. 3. In this way, while the path through the network is beingestablished (as illustrated in FIG. 4B), packets continue to be routedto their destination, avoiding the need to buffer the initial packets inthe edge router. A single physical network may be mirrored on multiplevirtual routers with multiple virtual backplanes for redundancypurposes. Each of these virtual routers has default paths establishedbetween themselves and each router in the network. In the even that adefault path to one virtual device is failed, traffic may choose adefault path to a different virtual router.

Once the path is set up (e.g., the routers are configured with their newrouting tables), data streams along the path at step 316. At this point,data may flow at a greater rate and lower end to end latency, since itno longer goes through the virtual router.

FIG. 4C shows a diagram 440 illustrating how data may flow after thepath is established. In the example, packets 402, 404, and 406 weretransmitted before the path was established, and packets 408, 410, and412 were transmitted after the path was established. Packets 402, 404,and 406 are routed by virtual routing server 418 along the default pathto server 104. Packets 408, 410, and 412, on the other hand, aretransmitted to server 104 over the established path.

Converging Connection Paths

In practice, configuring routing tables that identify how to forwardeach individual data stream (instead of data directed to eachdestination) may be cumbersome. The routing tables may consume a largeamount of memory in the routers, impeding their performance or limitingthe overall number of data streams the router can service, thus limitingthe maximum number of network users at a single point in time. To dealwith this, some embodiments utilize convergence between paths tosimplify the routing tables and reduce their memory footprint. Forexample, the path of two different data streams to the same destinationmay converge at a particular router en route. In this embodiment, therouting tables downstream of the particular router may not needindividual entries for each data stream. Both data streams could share acommon label, and the downstream routers only need to know how to routedata with that label. Thus, taking advantage of this convergence canreduce the routing table entries needed from two to one.

To take advantage of this convergence, the virtual routing server mayassign a label or other identifier to each data stream. The virtualrouting server may instruct the edge router to assign the label topackets in the data stream. The virtual routing server may also instructthe router where multiple data streams converge to relabel one or moreof the data streams such that their packets share a common identifier.The relabeling may involve replacement of a unique flow label with acommon flow label. This is illustrated for example with respect to FIG.5. Additionally, in the case of a label-based forwarding such as MPLS,the relabeling may involve preserving the original flow label by labelstacking the common flow identifier above the unique flow label. Thisboth reduces the switching memory required by aggregating both flowsinto a single flow to the destination but also preserves the individualnature of each independent flow.

FIG. 5 shows a network 500 where two data streams are established fromrouter A to router F. Data stream 1 traverses routers A, B, C, D, and Fand data stream 2 traverses routers A, E, C, D, and F.

Once the virtual router determines that data streams 1 and 2 converge atrouter C, it instructs router C to re-label data stream 2 to 1, so thatboth data stream have a common identifier 1 on section that spans overrouters C, D, and F. The routing tables in routers C, D, and F need onlyknow how to forward packets with the identifier “1,” as opposed toknowing how to forward packets with both the identifiers “1” and “2.”

Tearing Down Connection Routes

FIG. 6 shows a method 600 to tear down a connection if no packets arrivefor the connection for a period of time.

At step 602, method 600 determines that no packet has arrived for aparticular data stream in a given period of time. In embodiment, networkrouters monitor the arrival of packets and if there is a period ofsilence for a data stream, in which no packet for that data streamarrives, the router identifies the virtual router or set of virtualrouters that represent the physical network.

At step 604, the virtual router updates the routing tables to reflectremoval of the path. At step 606, the virtual router sends updatedtables to the routers on the path. After, the path is removed.

Virtual Routing Server Modules

FIG. 7 shows a diagram 700 illustrating virtual routing server 402 andits modules. In particular, virtual routing server 402 includes a datastream module 702, a data forward module 704, a path database 706, apath determination module 708, a routing table module 710, and a pathexpiration module 712. The various modules may operate as describedabove with respect to the method in FIG. 3.

Data stream module 702 receives the packets in a data stream as theyenter the virtual router. The packets may be from a new data stream thatdoes not yet have an established direct path through the network from asource to a destination or it may be a stream with an alreadyestablished direct path through the network.

As data stream module 702 receives the packets in the data streams, dataforward module 704 continuously re-transmits the packets to theirdestination or set of destinations if the flow is a multicast orbroadcast stream. In particular, it may attach routing instructions tothe packet indicating to each downstream network router how to route thepackets to the destination (or set of destinations). Data forward module704 repeats this retransmission until the interconnected routers areconfigured to route data from the data stream along a determined path.In the event of a fast path failure, this (or another) virtual routingsystem may also forward future packets from this stream before buildinga replacement path for the failed fast path.

Path database 706 keeps the inventory of all the paths in the network.To provide the SLA requirements of the users, the virtual router keeps adatabase of all paths in the network. Using this database and perhapsother information about current and historic network usage, the virtualrouter can approximate the availability of network resources. Using theapproximate available resources, the virtual router can determine whatresources to assign to a new connection to meet its service levelrequirements. It may also decide to replace existing fast path routesthrough the network with new paths to better rebalance traffic volumesor meet a broader range of SLA for multiple flows.

Path determination module 708 determines a path through a plurality ofinterconnected routers from a source to a destination. In oneembodiment, it may select the path from a plurality of differentavailable paths connecting the source to the destination based on therelative amount of available capacity or based on the relative latencyof the plurality of different paths. In another embodiment, pathdetermination module 708 may determine the path such that data from thedata stream will pass through a particular machine or class of machinesin the network.

According to the determined path, routing table module 710 determinesrouting tables for respective routers along the path. In particular, foreach of the respective routers, routing table module 710 may determine arouting table indicating which port to route data from the data stream.The routing tables indicate how to forward data such that data from thedata stream will be routed along the path. Routing table module 710 alsotransmits the respective routing tables to configure the respectiverouters along the path.

When a connection is expired, path expiration module 712 receives amessage from a router along the path indicating that the router has notreceived data from the data stream for a particular period of time. Pathexpiration module 712 removes the path from path database 706. Pathexpiration may also be accomplished at the individual router level witheach router maintaining a set of active streams and if no data isreceived on the stream for a particular time, the stream is removed fromthat router only. Each router in the path will then eventually expirethe stream from its memory. In addition, each individual router willsignal to the Path Expiration Module 712 to ensure that the path isremoved from monitoring.

With the path removed, routing table module 710 determines a new routingtable for each of the respective routers along the path. The new routingtables may not indicate where to route data from the data stream. Oncedetermined, routing table module 710 transmits the new routing tables toconfigure the routers. The virtual router may update the entire routingtable of each physical router in the path, or it may simply update aportion of the table by removing, adding, or modifying entries of thetable.

Conclusion

The term “user,” as used herein, may encompass both a customer of thenetwork connectivity service, such as an employee of a business thatutilizes the network connectivity service, and a network administratorof the service provider itself. Users may also be at different companiesor organizations.

Path database 706 may be any stored type of structured memory, includinga persistent memory. In examples, each database may be implemented as arelational database or file system.

Each of the servers and modules in FIG. 7 may be implemented inhardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof.

Each of the servers and modules in FIG. 7 may be implemented on the sameor different computing devices. Such computing devices can include, butare not limited to, a personal computer, a mobile device such as amobile phone, workstation, embedded system, game console, television,set-top box, or any other computing device. Further, a computing devicecan include, but is not limited to, a device having a processor andmemory, including a non-transitory memory, for executing and storinginstructions. The memory may tangibly embody the data and programinstructions. Software may include one or more applications and anoperating system. Hardware can include, but is not limited to, aprocessor, a memory, and a graphical user interface display. Thecomputing device may also have multiple processors and multiple sharedor separate memory components. For example, the computing device may bea part of or the entirety of a clustered or distributed computingenvironment or server farm.

Identifiers, such as “(a),” “(b),” “(i),” “(ii),” etc., are sometimesused for different elements or steps. These identifiers are used forclarity and do not necessarily designate an order for the elements orsteps.

The present invention has been described above with the aid offunctional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specifiedfunctions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functionalbuilding blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenienceof the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as thespecified functions and relationships thereof are appropriatelyperformed.

The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fullyreveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applyingknowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and/or adapt forvarious applications such specific embodiments, without undueexperimentation, without departing from the general concept of thepresent invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications areintended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of thedisclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presentedherein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminologyherein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, suchthat the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is tobe interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings andguidance.

The breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited byany of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be definedonly in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method for virtuallyrouting a first data stream from a source to a destination, comprising:(a) determining, by an edge router, a first virtual router and a firstdefault path from the edge router to the first virtual router; (b) inresponse to receiving a first packet in the first data stream by theedge router, attaching routing information to the first packet; (c)sending, by the edge router, the first packet received in (b) to thefirst virtual router along the first default path; (d) in response toreceiving a second packet from the first data stream by the edge router,sending the second packet to the first virtual router along the firstdefault path; (e) receiving, by the edge router, a first instructionfrom the first virtual router to configure the edge router to route datasuch that at least a first portion of the first data stream is routedalong a first path determined through a plurality of interconnectedrouters from the source to the destination; and (f) configuring the edgerouter according to the first instruction received in (e).
 2. The methodof claim 1, further comprising: (g) after the configuring in (f),receiving a third packet from the first data stream by the edge router;and (h) in response to receiving the third packet from the first datastream by the edge router, sending the third packet along the first pathidentified in the first instruction received in (e) to the destinationof the first data stream.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein theattaching routing information to the first packet in (b) comprisesattaching routing information instructing each downstream router how toforward packets of the first data stream along the first default path tothe first virtual router.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein theattaching routing information in (b) comprises attaching a label to thefirst packet instructing each downstream router along the first defaultpath how, based on the label, to forward packets of the first datastream to the first virtual router.
 5. The method of claim 1, whereinthe determining in (a) comprises selecting the first virtual router froma plurality of virtual routers.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein steps(d), (e) and (f) occur when no failure occurs in the sending in (c),further comprising, when a failure occurs in the sending in (c): (i)determining a second virtual router and a second default path from thesecond virtual router to the edge router; (ii) attaching routinginformation to the first packet; (iii) sending the first packet to thesecond virtual router on the second default path from the edge router tothe second virtual router; (iv) in response to receiving a second packetfrom the first data stream by the edge router, sending the second packetto the second virtual router along the second default path; (v)receiving, by the edge router, a second instruction from the secondvirtual router to configure the edge router to route data such that atleast the first portion of the first data stream is routed along asecond path through the plurality of interconnected routers from thesource to the destination; and (vi) configuring the edge routeraccording to the second instruction received in (v).
 7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein step (e) comprises receiving, by the edge router, thefirst instruction from the first virtual router to configure the edgerouter to route data such that at least the first portion of the firstdata stream is routed along the first path through the plurality ofinterconnected routers from the source to the destination, and at leasta second portion of the first data stream is routed along a second path,different from the first path, through the plurality of interconnectedrouters from the source to the destination.
 8. The method of claim 7,wherein the determination of the first path and the first portion, andthe second path and the second portion in (e) is made such that apre-determined quality-of-service requirement by the first data streamis met.
 9. An edge router for virtually routing data streams,comprising: a routing table specifying a first default path from theedge router to a first virtual router; and a processor coupled to therouting table, the processor configured to: (a) in response to receivinga first packet in the first data stream, attach routing information tothe first packet; (b) send the first packet received in (a) to the firstvirtual router along the first default path; (c) in response toreceiving a second packet from the first data stream, send the secondpacket to the first virtual router along the first default path; and (d)in response to receiving a first instruction from the first virtualrouter to configure the edge router to route data such that at least afirst portion of the first data stream is routed along a first paththrough a plurality of interconnected routers from the source to thedestination, update the routing table with the first path.
 10. The edgerouter of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to: (e)after the updating in (d), receive a third packet from the first datastream; and (f) in response to receiving the third packet from the firstdata stream, send the third packet along the first path between thesource and the destination of the first data stream.
 11. The edge routerof claim 9, wherein the routing information attached in (a) comprisesrouting instructions to the first packet that instruct each downstreamrouter how to forward packets of the first data stream along the firstdefault path to the first virtual router.
 12. The edge router of claim9, wherein the routing information attached in (b) comprises a labelthat instruct each downstream router along the first default path how,based on the label, to forward packets of the first data stream to thefirst virtual router.
 13. The edge router of claim 9, wherein adetermination of the first virtual router in (a) comprises selection ofthe first virtual router from a plurality of virtual routers.
 14. Theedge router of claim 9, wherein the processor is configured such that(d) comprises: in response to receiving the first instruction from thefirst virtual router to configure the edge router to route data suchthat at least the first portion of the first data stream is routed alongthe first path through the plurality of interconnected routers from thesource to the destination, and at least a second portion of the firstdata stream is routed along a second path, different from the firstpath, through the plurality of interconnected routers from the source tothe destination, update the routing table with the first path and thesecond path.
 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium havinginstructions stored thereon that, when executed by at least onecomputing device, causes the at least one computing device to perform amethod for virtually routing a first data stream from a source to adestination, the method comprising: (a) determining, by an edge router,a first virtual router and a first default path from the edge router tothe first virtual router; (b) in response to receiving a first packet inthe first data stream by the edge router, attaching routing informationto the first packet; (c) sending, by the edge router, the first packetreceived in (b) to the first virtual router along the first defaultpath; (d) in response to receiving a second packet from the first datastream by the edge router, sending the second packet to the firstvirtual router along the first default path; (e) receiving, by the edgerouter, a first instruction from the first virtual router to configurethe edge router to route data such that at least a first portion of thefirst data stream is routed along a first path determined through aplurality of interconnected routers from the source to the destination;and (f) configuring the edge router according to the first instructionreceived in (e).
 16. The computer-readable medium of claim 15, themethod further comprising: (g) after the configuring in (f), receiving athird packet from the first data stream by the edge router; and (h) inresponse to receiving the third packet from the first data stream by theedge router, sending the third packet along the first path between thesource and the destination of the first data stream.
 17. Thecomputer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the attaching routinginformation in (b) comprises attaching routing information instructingeach downstream router how to forward packets of the first data streamalong the first default path to the first virtual router, wherein thefirst virtual router and the first default path to the first virtualrouter are determined in (a).
 18. The computer-readable medium of claim15, wherein the determining in (a) comprises selecting the first virtualrouter from a plurality of virtual routers.
 19. The computer-readablemedium of claim 18, wherein steps (d), (e) and (f) occur when no failureoccurs in the sending in (c), the method further comprising, when afailure occurs in the sending in (c): (i) determining a second virtualrouter and a second default path from the second virtual router to theedge router; (ii) attaching routing information to the first packet;(iii) sending the first packet to the second virtual router on thesecond default path from the edge router to the second virtual router;(iv) in response to receiving a second packet from the first data streamby the edge router, sending the second packet to the second virtualrouter along the second default path; (v) receiving, by the edge router,a second instruction from the second virtual router to configure theedge router to route data such that at least the first portion of thefirst data stream is routed along a second path through the plurality ofinterconnected routers from the source to the destination; and (vi)configuring the edge router according to the first instruction receivedin (v).
 20. The computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein step (e)comprises receiving, by the edge router, the first instruction from thefirst virtual router to configure the edge router to route data suchthat at least the first portion of the first data stream is routed alongthe first path through the plurality of interconnected routers from thesource to the destination, and at least a second portion of the firstdata stream is routed along a second path, different from the firstpath, through the plurality of interconnected routers from the source tothe destination, wherein the determination of the first path and thefirst portion, and the second path and the second portion in (e) is madesuch that a pre-determined quality-of-service requirement by the firstdata stream is met.